Journal of Contemporary Academic Research and Methodologies (JCARM)
The Journal of Contemporary Academic Research and Methodologies (JCARM) is a peer-reviewed, open-access international journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research and innovative methodologies across diverse academic disciplines. Published by Ivory and Finch Publishers, JCARM provides a platform for scholars to share contemporary insights that bridge theory and practice. Starting Year: 2026 | Frequency: Monthly (12 issues per year) | Subject: Multidisciplinary | Language: English
Articles in this journal are published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. This license allows others to share and adapt the work, provided the original work is properly cited. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication.
SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF SMALL-SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA
This study examined the influence of sustainability practices on the business performance of small-scale renewable energy enterprises in South-East Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from 318 owners and managers of registered renewable energy enterprises using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, and multiple regression were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that green practices, resource-use efficiency, and social and cooperative-based sustainability practices significantly improved business performance. The study concludes that integrating sustainability practices enhances enterprise competitiveness and recommends greater environmental responsibility, efficient resource utilization, cooperative engagement, and supportive government policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aku-Ibe, Chidinma Celestina, Agu, Paul Chinedu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Educational Leadership and Management in Kenya: County-Level Situational Analysis and Policy Implications
Educational leadership and management are central to achieving equitable learning outcomes and efficient resource utilisation within Kenya's evolving education system. The transition to the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) and the decentralisation framework established under the 2010 Constitution have fundamentally restructured the roles of school leaders across Kenya's 47 counties. Drawing on a qualitative comparative case study methodology and secondary data from Ministry of Education reports, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics surveys, and peer-reviewed literature, this paper examines county-level leadership practices in Uasin Gishu, Kericho, and Nairobi counties, as well as Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions. The findings reveal that context-specific strategies, including community-school partnerships, mentorship programs, and technology-driven solutions, significantly enhance student outcomes and CBC implementation. However, persistent challenges, including resource disparities, political interference, gender inequities, limited ICT access, and inadequate TVET funding, undermine leadership effectiveness across counties. The study recommends tailored KEMI training, enhanced budgetary autonomy, strengthened school governance structures, digital infrastructure investment, gender-sensitive leadership policies, and robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks. These interventions are essential to building adaptive, inclusive, and accountable educational leadership aligned with Kenya's Vision 2030 and Sustainable Development Goal 4.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joash Ojwang Awuor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Trend Analysis of Residential Properties Rental Values in Informal Settlements of Ibadan Metropolis
The real estate market is vital for economic growth, with the residential rental sector meeting critical urban housing needs. In Nigeria, rapid urbanization, poverty, and inadequate formal housing have fueled the expansion of informal settlements. This study analyzes trends in residential rental values in Ibadan Metropolis’s informal settlements from 2014 to 2024. Using a descriptive and inferential design, data were collected from 360 residents and 34 estate surveyors across five Local Government Areas (LGAs) with high informal housing prevalence. A structured questionnaire (Cronbach Alpha = 0.83) ensured reliable data for Time Series Analysis and ANOVA. Findings show significant rental increases across all LGAs. In Ibadan North East, a room self-contained rose by 130.8% from ₦65,000 to ₦150,000, while bungalow rents grew by 200% from ₦250,000 to ₦750,000. Ibadan North showed moderate growth: room tenements increased from ₦25,000 to ₦55,000, and three-bedroom flats from ₦100,000 to ₦150,000. In Ibadan South East, South West, and North West, two-bedroom flats doubled from ₦100,000 to ₦200,000, and three-bedroom flats rose from ₦100,000 to ₦250,000. ANOVA confirmed these changes are statistically significant (p < 0.05). Poverty (mean scores: 4.34–5.45) and rapid urbanization (4.26–5.42) were key drivers, alongside weak housing policies, informal land markets, and poor infrastructure. The study concludes that without targeted policy interventions and improved infrastructure, informal settlements will continue to expand alongside rising rental values and worsening affordability challenges for low-income urban residents. It recommends that urban policymakers prioritize inclusive housing policies, strengthen infrastructure provision, regulate informal land transactions, and implement community-focused socio-economic programs to improve residents’ livelihoods and housing conditions sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2026 AROWOLO, Babatunde Emmanuel, OGUNTOKUN, Babajide Femi, AYODELE, Oluwatobi Omoyemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Marriage Proposals in Nollywood: Cinematic Representation of Men Kneeling and Cultural Power Plays
This study examined how marriage proposals are depicted in Nollywood films, particularly focusing on the cultural significance of men kneeling and the related gender power dynamics. It studied select popular Nollywood romantic dramas and comedies released between 2010 and 2024, the research investigated how the act of kneeling during proposals was portrayed, challenged, or accepted within Nigerian cultural narratives. It used content analysis, grounded in postcolonial theory and gender performativity. The findings indicated that Nollywood served as both a mirror and a mold for societal attitudes, where the kneeling man was both celebrated and mocked, showcasing a conflict between traditional African patriarchal values and Western ideals of love and expression. In some films, kneeling was depicted as a modern performative act, suggesting emotional openness and gender equality among men. Conversely, in others, it was viewed as emasculating, tapping into cultural narratives that saw men as the dominant decision-makers in marriage. The paper argued that these portrayals go beyond mere dramatic elements; they represent cinematic negotiations of a shifting Nigerian identity within a global media landscape. This study adds to the ongoing discussions about gender, media, and cultural hybridity by illustrating how Nollywood shapes evolving views on masculinity, romance, and cultural authenticity. It also prompts important questions about who gets to define modernity in African cinema and whose perspective dictates what constitutes acceptable romantic behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2026 EZE, George Ogazi Mani (PhD), CHIDOZIE, Cecilia Chibunma (PhD), UGBANA, Benson Owajima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
An Overview, Applications, and Challenges of Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) with The Internet of Things (IoTs) in Today's Communication Industry
Communication is an activity involving transferring information/knowledge from one location, person, or group to another, and for effective achievement of purpose, there must be an originator (sender), a message, and an audience (receiver). Significant transformation has been witnessed in different communication industries due to the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). This development has, indeed, reshaped this industry due to the involvement of intelligent, adaptive, and highly efficient machines /systems. Design/methodology/approach: Submissions from many authors were examined and considered. Analysis of findings revealed that the convergence of AI and IoT, popularly referred to as Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), will remain core facilitator of up-coming generation communication paradigm such as 5G and 6G networks; which is moving beyond connection of various devices with features of AI, but systems that intelligently reason across distributed layers, make decisions in real-time in a given environment and infrastructure. Conclusively, this enables users to move from traditional cloud-centric IoT with isolated analytics to fully integrated, scalable, secure, and autonomous AIoT ecosystems. The authors, after examination of information collected, concluded that artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and Artificial-Intelligence-of-Things have really influenced and simplified human activities so far. Also, application areas and the associated challenges were considered, even in today's communication industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Elijah Ani, Paul Darlington I. Ndubuisi, Prince Nnaemeka Ezeano, Amara P. Nwokoro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Between Reform and Reality: Challenges Facing the National Police Service in Implementing Police Restructuring in Nairobi County, Kenya.
Globally, police organizations are facing multiple challenges linked to their complex operating environment. Anchoring on this, police organizations are reviewing their organizational structures and re-engineering them to meet the needs of their customers. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of police restructuring on the delivery of policing services in Nairobi City County. More specifically, the study sought to determine the challenges facing NPS in the implementation of police restructuring in Nairobi County. The New Public Management theory underpins the study. It carried out an empirical literature review using books, journal articles, periodicals, conference papers, government publications, and publications of renowned intergovernmental bodies. With a target population drawn from the National Crime Research Centre, Independent Policing Oversight Authority, Civil Rights Bodies, particularly Katiba Institute and Independent Medico- Legal Unit, National Government Administrative Officers and police officers drawn from the constitutive services and a directorate of the National Police Service, the study drew a sample of 109 participants. Additionally, the study adopted a descriptive survey design. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Secondary data was acquired from books, journal publications, and government publications. The primary data collected was cleaned, edited, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 9 and NVIVO software for qualitative data analysis. The results of data analysis were presented in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and charts. The study’s findings revealed that politicization, corruption, inadequate funding, and poor implementation frameworks were among the main challenges to the restructuring process. The study recommended ongoing officer sensitization, fortifying legal and policy frameworks, and depoliticizing future processes. The study recommends that the government establish ongoing sensitization programs for the purpose of creating awareness on restructuring objectives and expected outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amos Ochieng’ Awitti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Oil Spill Incidents and Their Socio-Economic Consequences on Host Communities in the Niger Delta
Oil spill incidents remain one of the most persistent environmental challenges in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, particularly in Rivers State. Despite the region’s critical contribution to national revenue through petroleum production, host communities continue to experience severe environmental degradation and socio-economic hardship. Recent reports indicate that Nigeria recorded over 500 oil spill incidents annually between 2023 and 2024, with significant volumes of crude oil discharged into the environment due to pipeline vandalism, oil theft, equipment failure, and aging infrastructure (National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency [NOSDRA], 2023; Amnesty International, 2024). Oil spills have resulted in widespread contamination of soil and water resources, destruction of biodiversity, and disruption of livelihoods such as farming and fishing. Consequently, affected communities experience income loss, unemployment, food insecurity, migration, and increased health risks. Governance challenges including weak regulatory enforcement, lack of transparency, and inadequate community involvement further worsen the situation (United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], 2024). This study examines the causes, environmental impacts, and socio-economic consequences of oil spills in Rivers State. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 150 respondents and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings reveal that vandalism and pipeline corrosion are the dominant causes of oil spills, while loss of farming income and reduced fish catch are the most significant socio-economic impacts. The study concludes that effective governance, infrastructure improvement, and community participation are essential for mitigating oil spill impacts and promoting sustainable development in the Niger Delta.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amachree Temple Temple, Evelyn Tyger (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF LANGUAGE USE IN GOVERNANCE, CRISIS RESPONSE, AND RISK MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED MARKET WOMEN IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
Language serves as a critical governance instrument, shaping public trust, comprehension, and behavioral compliance during administrative and emergency situations. Despite increasing attention to public communication, limited empirical research addresses the interconnected roles of language across governance, crisis response, and risk management within Nigeria's informal commercial sectors. Grounded in Critical Discourse Analysis and Framing Theory, this study evaluates the linguistic strategies in governance communication and their influence on compliance among market women in Lagos State's Trade Fair Complex and Alaba International Market. Utilizing a descriptive survey design, a structured questionnaire was administered to 384 multi-stage selected respondents. Data were analyzed using simple percentages, mean scores, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC). Findings reveal that while routine governance relies on persuasive and directive language, crisis communication employs urgent, warning-oriented structures. Crucially, message simplicity, accessibility, and indigenous language adaptation significantly enhanced compliance (r = 0.618, p < 0.05), whereas technical jargon and delayed dissemination fostered ambiguity and mistrust. The study concludes that language is a strategic asset requiring audience-centered frameworks, recommending that government institutions prioritize plain, multilingual messaging and timely dissemination during emergencies to optimize policy execution and institutional trust.
Copyright (c) 2026 LAWAL, Sharafdeen Atanda, Aliu kayode OSENI, SEKONI Lateef Kehinde (PhD), SALAUDEEN Rafiyat Iyabo (PhD) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Economics and Planning of Education in Kenya: Policy, Resource Allocation, and Equity Considerations.
This paper examines the economics and planning of Kenya's education system, with an emphasis on policy frameworks, financing strategies, enrollment dynamics, and equity challenges in achieving sustainable and inclusive educational outcomes. It analyzes the impact of significant reforms, including the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) introduced in 2017 and the expansion of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), in aligning education with Kenya's Vision 2030 and Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Drawing on national statistics, county-level case studies (e.g., Uasin Gishu's TVET model and Turkana's mobile schools), and global best practices, the study highlights persistent challenges such as regional disparities, inadequate financing (e.g., KES 1,420 per primary student under FPE), and infrastructural deficits, particularly in ASAL regions where secondary enrolment rates range from 20–50% compared to the national 70% (KNBS, 2023). It proposes a multifaceted approach to enhance efficiency and equity, including data-driven planning via the Education Management Information System (EMIS), county-specific interventions, performance-based financing modeled on Rwanda's success, and public-private partnerships to bridge funding gaps. Additional recommendations include scaling teacher training (only 60% of teachers are CBC-trained as of 2024), increasing capitation grants by 20% in high-need areas, and strengthening community engagement to address cultural barriers, such as early marriage. These strategies aim to optimize resource allocation, reduce disparities, and ensure education drives Kenya's socioeconomic development.
The Impact of Energy Efficiency Technologies on Productivity in FMCG Manufacturing Plants in Sub-Saharan Africa
Energy efficiency has become a critical strategic priority for large manufacturing plants globally due to rising energy costs, carbon reduction targets, and increased sustainability expectations. This qualitative study examines energy efficiency strategies in large manufacturing plants, focusing particularly on the FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with plant managers, energy officers, and machine operators to explore awareness, adoption patterns, operational barriers, and perceived cost–benefit dynamics of energy efficiency initiatives. Findings show that high-consumption processes—such as HVAC(Heat ventilation and air conditioning), high-pressure compressors, process heating, and motor systems—offer the highest potential for savings. However, barriers such as capital constraints, lack of technical expertise, and inconsistent government incentives limit adoption. The study proposes a layered framework of operational, behavioral, technological, and managerial strategies for sustainable energy optimization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Engr Adeoye Emmanuel, Adeoye Odion David, Aiyede Paul Oyemafu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of Khaya ivorensis and Hevea brasiliensis Wood Sawdust on the Cultivation and Nutritional Composition of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacaum ex. Fr. Kummar)
This study was conducted to examine the effect of hardwood (Khaya ivorensis) and softwood (Hevea brasiliensis) on the proximate and nutritional composition of (Pleurotus ostreatus) (Jacaum ex. Fr. Kummar) with the aim of comparing its proximate and nutritional composition on the soft and hardwood substrates. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used by cultivating P.ostreatus on substrates prepared from Khaya ivorensis and Hevea brasiliensis sawdust, evaluating growth yield parameters, analyzing the harvested mushrooms for proximate and nutritional composition, and statistically comparing the results using ANOVA at 5% significance level. The proximate composition and mineral content of the harvested Pleurotus ostreatus were analyzed from the two substrates. The proximate composition result showed that softwood contains more crude fibre at 56.31%, while hardwood contain 43.29% of crude fibre. Furthermore, softwood contains 24.05% of carbohydrates and 19.82% of carbohydrate in hardwood. The table further shows that crude lipid is the least (11.74%) in softwood and 8.13% in hardwood. While ash content is high in hardwood, with 0.42 and 0.21 in softwood. There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the percentage nutrient content in hardwood and softwood, however there is a statistical difference p<0.05) in the minerals constituent among the wood types, with the coefficient of determination at 0.823, meaning that 82.3 % of the data influenced this result. The result of the micro nutrients analysis indicates that hardwood mushrooms contain more minerals compared to softwood mushrooms; however, potassium and phosphorus are higher at 1740.8 and 520.37 mg/100g, respectively. The least mineral happens to be vitamin C for both softwood and hardwood mushrooms at 12.96 and 13.54 mg/100g, respectively. There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the percentage of micro nutrients in hardwood and softwood, however there is a statistical difference p<0.05) in the minerals constituent among the wood types, with the coefficient of determination at 0.984, meaning that 0.961% of the data influenced this result.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nnyam, Lebatam Bete, Ogunbode, Sunday Ayobami, Abdulmoroof, A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY, LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN THE DIGITAL ERA: TRADITIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
This study investigated the relationship between the integration of library and information services (combining traditional foundations with emerging digital technologies) and the language proficiency of children and adolescents. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population of the study comprised 1,250 junior secondary and high school students across selected metropolitan areas, from which a sample of 350 participants was drawn using stratified random sampling. Data collection was executed using two self-structured instruments: the Digital and Traditional Library Services Integration Questionnaire (DTLSIQ) and the Standardized Language Proficiency Assessment Test (SLPAT). The instruments were validated by experts, and reliability coefficients of α = 0.84 and α = 0.81 were achieved respectively. Data were analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Multiple Linear Regression analysis at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that while traditional print materials continue to have a basic baseline effect on literacy, hybrid library environments that smoothly incorporate cutting-edge technological innovations like gamified literacy apps, interactive digital libraries, and AI-driven adaptive reading platforms significantly predict higher levels of language proficiency among kids and teenagers. Regression analysis showed that multimedia storybooks and interactive digital tools have a greater beneficial influence on modern lexical and syntactic development than do static reading platforms. As a result, it is advised that contemporary school and public library ecosystems move away from discrete print or digital formats and toward highly integrated, hybrid instructional architectures. Information professionals should also receive institutionalized training to create age-appropriate, balanced digital media.
Library and Information Services Integration
Copyright (c) 2026 LAWAL, Sharafdeen Atanda, Aliu Kayode OSENI, SEKONI Lateef Kehinde (PhD), SALAUDEEN Rafiyat Iyabo (PhD) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Environmental Management Practices, Sustainable Architecture and Environmental Sustainability in Faith-Based Institutions in Nigeria
Faith-based institutions (FBIs) are increasingly recognized as strategic partners in promoting environmental sustainability because of their extensive physical infrastructure, moral authority, and community influence. Despite this potential, empirical evidence on how environmental management practices and sustainable architecture contribute to environmental sustainability within Nigerian faith-based institutions remains limited. This study examined environmental management practices implemented by faith-based institutions, investigated the institutional factors influencing the adoption of sustainable architecture, and assessed their contributions to environmental sustainability. A convergent parallel mixed-methods research design was adopted. Primary data were collected from 400 respondents through structured questionnaires, while qualitative information was obtained through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), whereas qualitative responses were analysed thematically. The findings revealed a high level of implementation of environmental management practices (Grand Mean = 4.18), with environmental sanitation, tree planting, drainage maintenance, and environmental awareness campaigns emerging as the most frequently implemented initiatives. Regression analysis showed that environmental management practices significantly predicted environmental sustainability (R² = 0.610, p < 0.001), while financial resources, leadership commitment, environmental awareness, institutional policy, technical expertise, and government support significantly influenced the adoption of sustainable architecture (R² = 0.692, p < 0.001). Strong institutional leadership and the integration of environmental stewardship into religious teachings were identified as critical components of an effective sustainability framework. The study concludes that faith-based institutions can substantially advance environmental sustainability when environmental stewardship is integrated with sustainable architectural practices and supported by institutional commitment and enabling policies. The study recommends increased investment in green infrastructure, institutional environmental policies, renewable energy technologies, and stronger collaboration between faith-based institutions and environmental agencies to accelerate sustainable development in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amba Tony Aku, Kazeh Joseph Ashi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effort-Reward Imbalance Model and Turnover Intention among Nigerian Health Workers: A Conceptual Analysis.
Turnover intention among healthcare professionals remains a major challenge for healthcare organizations because of its implications for employee retention, service quality, and organizational sustainability. Among the factors associated with turnover intention is employees’ perception of an imbalance between the effort they invest in their work and the rewards they receive. Drawing on Siegrist’s Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model, this conceptual paper examines how persistent effort-reward imbalance contributes to turnover intention among Nigerian health workers. The paper argues that excessive job demands coupled with inadequate rewards, including salary, recognition, and career advancement opportunities, can generate psychological strain, job dissatisfaction, counterproductive work behaviours, and ultimately turnover intention. The paper further highlights the practical relevance of the ERI model in explaining employee withdrawal cognitions and emphasizes the need for healthcare managers to establish equitable financial and non-financial reward systems that promote employee commitment and retention. The paper concludes that achieving a better balance between employees’ efforts and organizational rewards is essential for improving workforce stability and supporting the long-term sustainability of Nigeria’s healthcare sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Nwankwo Anthony Chijioke, Ogbonna Peace Nonye, Anidu Blessing Ngozi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perceived Environment and Socioeconomic Impact of Quarrying Activities on Residents in Abeokuta, Nigeria
Quarrying is an important economic activity that supplies construction materials and creates employment opportunities. However, its environmental and socioeconomic consequences on nearby communities remain a growing concern in many developing countries. This study assessed the perceived impacts of quarrying activities on residents living around selected quarry sites in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the socioeconomic characteristics of residents, evaluated the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of quarrying, and assessed the coping strategies adopted by affected households. A mixed-method research design integrating household surveys, key informant interviews, field observations, and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis was adopted. Four active quarry sites were purposively selected, and 816 questionnaires were administered using a multistage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Relative Importance Index (RII), and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that most residents were low-income earners and had resided in quarry communities for several years despite environmental challenges. Noise and vibration resulting from blasting constituted the most severe perceived environmental impact, followed by structural damage to buildings, dust pollution, and declining property values. Residents remained in these communities mainly because of affordable housing, family ties, and proximity to employment opportunities. Common coping strategies included reinforcing residential buildings, regular environmental cleaning, medical treatment for quarry-related illnesses, and community engagement with quarry operators. The study concludes that while quarrying contributes significantly to economic development, inadequate environmental management has increased the vulnerability of surrounding communities. It recommends stricter enforcement of environmental regulations, improved land-use planning, continuous environmental monitoring, and stronger corporate social responsibility initiatives to enhance sustainable development in quarry-host communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nwachukwu -Omoniyi Oluwatosin Elizabeth (Translator); Dr. Bolukale Oluwatoyin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Correlation and Principal Component Analysis on Growth, Yield and Weed Parameters of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in Sudan Savanna, Nigeria
This paper aims to show the effects of correlation and principal component analysis on growth, yield and weed parameters of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in the Sudan Savanna, Nigeria. Kenaf has been used as a major source of fibres, paper, and other materials for many years. This fibre crop can be grown on poor soils with fewer inputs. Nigeria’s kenaf production figure in the year 2020 is estimated to be about 1,460 tonnes out of the 15,900 tonnes of production in Africa. The global output in 2024 is estimated at approximately 195,800 tonnes. Kenaf fibre and seed yield is mostly affected by growth, yield and weed parameters. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Production Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri (Latitude 11°50’N: and Longitude 13°10’E at an altitude of 319 m above sea level) during the rainy seasons of 2018 to 2019 between June and November. Data were collected on growth, yield components, and weed parameters, which were subjected to correlation analysis, and PCA was analyzed using R software (R Core Team, 2023). An AI assistant (Claude, Anthropic) was used to help write the R analysis scripts. The results of the combined year study showed that Stand count at harvest (0.748) showed the strongest significant linear correlation relationship with yield, Establishment count (0.478), and Weed Control Efficiency (0.402) had a moderate positive correlation with yield. In the year 2018, PC1 (43.66%) was the main axis of variation. PC2 (15.71%) captured additional treatment differences. Together, they explained 59.37% of the total variability. Whereas, the year 2019 PC1 explained 39.69% of the variation, and PC2 explained 11.27%; together, they accounted for 50.97% of the total variation. PC1, therefore, shows crop vigour and productivity, while PC2 was mainly associated with establishment count, stand count at harvest, seed yield and fibre yield, expressing plant population and yield formation. The interpretation shows that correlation outlined relationships existed among the variables, while PCA successfully reduced the dimensionality of the variables and identified the principal factors leading to treatment differences across years.
Correlation and Principal Component Analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 YAKELLU BUKAR KAJIDU, Makanjuola O. D, Wulgo M. A, Yamba I, Usman A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Male Factor Infertility: Knowledge, Attitude, and Health-Seeking Behavior of Men in a Cosmopolitan Setting — A Cross-Sectional Study in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Background: Male factor infertility contributes to nearly half of all cases of couple infertility globally, yet men's knowledge, attitude, and health-seeking behavior towards it remain understudied in Sub-Saharan Africa, where socio-cultural norms often place the burden of infertility on women. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and health-seeking behavior of men towards male factor infertility in Calabar, a cosmopolitan capital city in Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 adult men aged 18–60 years, selected by multistage sampling across the two urban local government areas of Calabar metropolis. Data were collected using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of male infertility, attitude towards it, and health-seeking behavior. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with descriptive statistics and chi-square tests of association at a 5% significance level. Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use guided the analysis of predisposing, enabling, and need-based determinants of health-seeking behavior. Results: Overall, 24.0% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge, 41.8% fair knowledge, and 34.2% poor knowledge of male factor infertility. While 61.7% agreed that men should have semen analysis when a couple fails to conceive, 46.9% still viewed male infertility as a source of shame, and 38.3% believed traditional or spiritual remedies could cure it. Among men who had ever had fertility-related concerns, only 31.5% first sought care at a hospital or fertility clinic, while the remainder consulted traditional healers (24.8%), religious/spiritual centres (19.6%), patent medicine vendors (15.2%), or sought no care at all (8.9%). Educational attainment and knowledge level were significantly associated with orthodox health-seeking behavior (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Despite residing in a cosmopolitan urban setting with access to modern health facilities, men in Calabar demonstrate suboptimal knowledge and predominantly non-orthodox health-seeking behavior regarding male factor infertility, driven by persistent stigma and socio-cultural beliefs. Targeted male-focused reproductive health education and integration of male infertility services into routine primary and andrology care are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ezukwa Ezukwa Omoronyia, Edu Eyong, Patience Odusolu, Sylvester Abeshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
WORK ETHICS AND BEHAVIOUR OF STAFF IN WORKPLACE: A STUDY OF BAYELSA STATE HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT BOARD (HMB)
This study examined the work ethic and behavior of staff in the Bayelsa State Hospital Management Board (HMB) and their impact on service delivery. The specific objectives were to assess the common behavioral patterns of staff, examine the factors influencing staff work ethic and behavior within the Board, determine the impact of staff work ethic and behavior on patient care and hospital performance, and investigate the dimensions of staff work ethic in HMB. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Primary data were collected from staff of the Bayelsa State Hospital Management Board using a structured questionnaire, while the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics comprising frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that staff generally demonstrated positive workplace behaviors, including politeness, empathy, compliance with organizational rules, and prompt response to emergencies. The study further established that leadership style, working conditions, regular training, supervision, and organizational accountability significantly influenced staff work ethic and behavior. In addition, positive work ethics and behavior were found to improve patient satisfaction, teamwork, hospital productivity, and institutional reputation while reducing medical errors. The study also revealed that staff exhibited diligence, honesty, integrity, and confidentiality, although accountability for personal actions required further improvement. The study concluded that strengthening positive work ethics, supportive leadership, continuous staff development, and accountability mechanisms would enhance staff performance, improve service delivery, and promote effective healthcare management in the Bayelsa State Hospital Management Board.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yidougha Esido (PhD) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EVALUATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF OFF-GRID SOLAR POWER KIOSKS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR RURAL AREAS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
Lack of access to electricity is one of the major impediments to the growth and development of rural economies in developing countries like Nigeria. Energy in particular is critical in achieving virtually all the sustainable development goals; it can be used to support important development like access to education, improved health, communication and empowerment. This research work will assess the direct and indirect linkages between energy efficiency, employment, and social welfare in rural areas using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches to carry out the analysis. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics method of data using pie and bar charts. The study shows that energy availability in rural areas generates employment for the rural inhabitants as well as improves the social well-being of the people living in the arrears. The work intends to scale up an inclusive business model based on a unique technology and building solution for modular energy supply, offering sustainable, reliable and affordable electricity products and services through solar-powered kiosks to rural areas in Nigeria. The result is in agreement with goal seven of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amuge Robinson, Hamzat K.A, Oyeniyi R.O.A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Terrorism, Counter-insurgency, and the Sambisa Forest: the Role of Military Geology in Fourth-Generation Warfare in Nigeria
This paper examines the endless militant and infantry wars in Northern Nigeria due to activities of insurgency, terrorism, and banditry. For more than a decade and counting, the Nigerian military had been disastrously engaged in hardcore fighting against an insurgent and terrorist group that had dominated northern Nigeria. Following a number of military operations involving Operation Lafiya Dole, Operation Hadin Kai, and the expenditure of hundreds of millions of dollars, the enemy forces had appeared invincible and was threatening to turn the war on insurgency and terrorism into a never-ending struggle in Nigeria. This is why the study adopts historical and qualitative approaches in investigating the firm resistance of terrorist and insurgent group in Sambisa Forest and it environs against the superior military might of the Nigerian Army. The study is that the Nigerian army has far more material and human resources than that of the insurgents and terrorists, but the failure of the Nigerian military to fully exploit the dynamics and benefits of military geology in the Sambisa Forest and its bordering areas has prevented a swift victory and led to an unintended protracted conflict in the region, very much like the war in Afghanistan. This paper advocates for an integrated strategy in the conduct of war in terrorism by the Nigerian military in the Sambisa Forest.
Copyright (c) 2026 Temple Oguchukwu Obiefule, Johnson Kayode Ayeni, Isreal Abayomi Saibu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Decolonising Liberal Democracy: Amílcar Cabral’s Political Thought and the Reconstruction of Participatory Democracy in Africa
The persistence of democratic challenges in Africa has generated debates about whether liberal democracy, as inherited and practised across the continent, adequately responds to African political realities. While existing explanations often emphasise weak institutions, poor leadership, and electoral deficiencies, this article argues that the problem also concerns the limited understanding of democracy as primarily a system of representation and periodic elections. Using a philosophical reconstruction method and a critical interpretive approach, the article examines Amílcar Cabral’s political thought as a resource for rethinking democratic theory in Africa. It argues that Cabral’s participatory politics provides a framework for decolonising liberal democracy by reconceptualising citizens as active agents of political life, rather than occasional participants in electoral processes. The article develops three interconnected principles of Cabralian democratic reconstruction, namely: political agency, participatory institutions, and political consciousness. It does not reject liberal democratic commitments to constitutionalism, rights, and accountability. Rather, it argues that these principles require deeper participation to achieve meaningful legitimacy. By reconstructing the democratic implications of Cabral’s philosophy of liberation, the article contributes to debates on decolonial political theory and the possibilities of participatory democracy in Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Okafor Ifeoma Justina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Factors Hindering Professionalism in Administrative Roles in Rev. Fr. Moses Orshio Adasu University, Makurdi
The declining role of professionalism in university administration is due to the rise of managerialism and excessive administrative burdens. This shift forces administrative staff into rigid, procedural routines rather than strategic service, compounded by a lack of dedicated career development and inadequate professional training. This paper investigated the factors hindering professionalism in administrative roles in Rev. Fr. Moses Orshio Adasu University, Makurdi, Nigeria. The descriptive survey research design was adopted, and data were obtained through a closed-ended questionnaire, while secondary data sources were harnessed to complement the questionnaire. The Taro Yamane (1967) formula was adopted to determine a sample size of 400 respondents among the non-teaching and academic staff in administrative capacities at the university. The study utilised the Transactional Leadership Theory by MacGregor (1978) as its theoretical framework of analysis. The study revealed that chronic underfunding of the university is a major challenge undermining effective professional practices, institutional effectiveness and quality academic, consultancy, and community development efforts of the university. The research also indicates that a lack of funds to provide adequately for the entire university resulted in unequal distribution of financial, human and material resources, which have affected the management of the university in several ways, such as poor and untimely completion of tasks, slow academic progress, inadequacy in maintenance of infrastructure within the campus, poor security network, among many other administrative duties in the university. The study reports that the university's administrative structure does not allow for swift decision-making, making it difficult to carry out effective administrative processes. The paper recommends, among other things, that the institution should establish a Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Unit with clear Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for both teaching and non-teaching staff, while institutionalising periodic audits and maintenance schedules to support transparency, accountability, and operational efficiency. The Management of Rev. Fr. Moses Orshio Adasu University Makurdi should implement mandatory professional development and ethics training programmes for all staff to reinforce institutional values, ensure compliance with procedures, and build a strong culture of professionalism in the university.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaki Peter Aondover, Kingsley Ushahemba Ayangealu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Numerical Method for Solving First-Order Nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm Integro-differential Equations Using Power Series Polynomials
This is a numerical approach for solving first-order Nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm Integro-differential equations with power series polynomials. The approach approximated Volterra-Fredholm Integro-differential equations using power series polynomials. The modelled problem is converted to a system of algebraic equations, which is then solved using the standard collocation approach. After determining the approach's uniqueness and convergence, numerical examples were used to assess its effectiveness. The results showed that the method is competitive with other methods. The proposed method transforms the given Integro-differential equation into an equivalent system of algebraic equations by approximating the unknown function with a finite power series expansion. The coefficients of the series are determined by substituting the approximation into the original equation and enforcing the equality at selected collocation points within the domain of interest. This technique ensures high accuracy and rapid convergence with minimal computational effort. Several illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the method. The obtained results show excellent agreement with exact solutions, confirming the suitability of the power series polynomial approach for solving first-order Volterra–Fredholm Integro-differential equations arising in applied mathematics, physics and engineering models.
Volterra-Fredholm Integro-Differential Equation
Nonlinear Integro-Differential Equations
Copyright (c) 2026 Tsoken Amakai D, Dr. Ajileye Ganiyu, Dr. Raymond Dominic (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Urban Expansion and Its Effects on Land Resources and Environmental Sustainability
Urban expansion has become one of the most significant drivers of land-use change and environmental transformation worldwide, particularly in developing countries where rapid population growth and economic development have intensified pressure on limited land resources. While urbanization contributes to economic growth, infrastructure development, and improved access to social services, uncontrolled urban expansion often results in the conversion of agricultural land, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and increased environmental pollution. This study examined the effects of urban expansion on land resources and environmental sustainability with a focus on identifying the major drivers of urban growth, assessing its impacts on land resources, evaluating its implications for environmental sustainability, and proposing sustainable urban planning strategies. The study adopted a qualitative desktop review research design based on the systematic analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles, books, government publications, and reports from international organizations, including the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Bank, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis to identify recurring patterns and emerging issues across the reviewed literature. The findings revealed that rapid population growth, rural–urban migration, industrialization, infrastructure development, weak land-use planning, and ineffective environmental governance are the principal drivers of urban expansion. The review further showed that uncontrolled urban growth accelerates land degradation, loss of agricultural land, deforestation, biodiversity decline, increased flood risk, environmental pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions, thereby undermining environmental sustainability. The study concludes that sustainable urban development requires integrated land-use planning, stronger environmental governance, investment in green infrastructure, ecosystem restoration, and active stakeholder participation. It recommends the adoption of smart growth principles, enforcement of land-use regulations, and nature-based solutions to promote resilient cities and long-term environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ezra Yunana Parah, Tony Aku Amba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP EMPOWERMENT AND SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVENESS IN NIGERIA
The study examines the factors that shape the entrepreneurial intention and sustainability of youth in Nigeria, particularly access to finance, entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurship skill development and institutional support. Youth entrepreneurship has emerged as an important tool to enhance the economy, innovation and employment, particularly in the developing world, where unemployment is a major issue. The study particularly seeks to examine the effect of access to finance on youth entrepreneurial intention, the effect of entrepreneurial education and skills development on youth entrepreneurial intention and the effect of institutional support on youth entrepreneurial sustainability. The study uses the theories of planned behaviour and sustainable entrepreneurship theory. The survey method applied was the quantitative survey approach of a cross-sectional design. The respondents for the study were young entrepreneurs aged between 18 and 35 years in selected states of Nigeria. A total of 420 samples were sent out,t and 386 were returned, which is a 91.9% response rate. The data were collected by using a structured questionnaire, then analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS computer software. The results indicate that access to finance has a positive relationship with entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurial education and skills development had a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial intention, which helps to increase the skills and self-efficacy of youth. Additionally, institutional support was determined to have a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial sustainability as it offers policies and support systems as a whole. The study therefore suggests the need to have an integrated approach of financial inclusion, quality entrepreneurship education and supportive institutional structures for supporting youth entrepreneurship in Nigeria. It suggests that sustainable entrepreneurial outcomes and sustainable economic development can be obtained through improved access to finance, enhanced entrepreneurship training and support, as well as improved support systems for entrepreneurs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Obuseh Raphael (PhD), Adishi Charity Chineyem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDROMAGNETIZED BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW EQUATION WITH VISCOUS DISSIPATION EFFECT ON A PLATE UNDER VARIABLE TEMPERATURE
With variable temperature and viscous dissipation, this paper considers a classical problem of an MHD boundary layer flow over a rectangular plate in a uniform stream of fluid. By using similarity transformation, the governing nonlinear PDEs have been transformed into a set of ODEs. Due to the presence of viscous dissipation, conversion of mechanical energy to thermal energy results in changes in temperature and other properties in the fluid. The effects of Prandtl number, Eckert number and temperature index coefficient n are discussed and graphically presented. It is found that as the Eckert number increases, the temperature distribution also increases, while there exists an inverse variation with the Prandtl number.
Copyright (c) 2026 ABIALA I.O, AROLOYE J.S, LAWAL S.A, ADEOYE A.S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluating the Efficacy of Police Restructuring in Kenya Through Officers' Perceptions: Evidence from Nairobi County
Globally, police organizations are facing multiple challenges linked to their complex operating environment. Anchoring on this, police organizations are reviewing their organizational structures and re-engineering them to meet the needs of their customers. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of police restructuring on the delivery of policing services in Nairobi City County. More specifically, the study sought to establish the outcomes of police restructuring in Nairobi County. The New Public Management theory underpins the study. It carried out an empirical literature review using books, journal articles, periodicals, conference papers, government publications, and publications of renowned intergovernmental bodies. With a target population drawn from the National Crime Research Centre, Independent Policing Oversight Authority, Civil Rights Bodies, particularly Katiba Institute and Independent Medico- Legal Unit, National Government Administrative Officers and police officers drawn from the constitutive services and a directorate of the National Police Service, the study drew a sample of 109 participants. Additionally, the study adopted a descriptive survey design. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Secondary data was acquired from books, journal publications, and government publications. The primary data collected was cleaned, edited, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 9 and NVIVO software for qualitative data analysis. The results of data analysis were presented in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and charts. The study established that police restructuring in Nairobi County had mixed and uncertain outcomes. While some improvements were noted in command flow (51.9%), service delivery (52%), and police community relations (48.1%), many officers (73.1%) reported no direct impact, with APS officers in particular citing victimization, discrimination, and unclear roles. Gains in grassroots and community policing were modest, with less than 40% rating community policing as effective. Perceptions of officers revealed skepticism, with 52.9% rating reforms as only moderately effective and 62.5% indicating restructuring had not enhanced professionalism. Persistent corruption, unequal access to training and promotions, and confusion in command structures undermined the intended outcomes. APS officers reported marginalization in housing, resourcing, and recognition, further fueling discontent. The study recommends that the government establish ongoing sensitization programs for the purpose of creating awareness on restructuring objectives and expected outcomes.
Beyond Structural Change: Examining the Outcomes of Police Restructuring in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Copyright (c) 2026 AMOS OCHIENG' AWITTI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Emerging Trends in Robotics and Automation for Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Nigeria faces significant developmental challenges in agriculture, healthcare, waste management, and infrastructure, which hinder progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Emerging trends in robotics and automation offer transformative solutions to enhance efficiency, reduce human error, and optimize resource utilization. This article explores four key trends: autonomous agricultural robots for precision farming, automated waste-sorting systems for the circular economy, drone-based healthcare logistics, and AI-driven infrastructure monitoring. Using a mixed-method approach combining case study analysis and secondary data from Nigerian pilot projects (2019–2025), the study evaluates the feasibility, socio-economic impacts, and sustainability potential of these technologies. Findings indicate that robotics can increase crop yields by up to 40%, reduce post-harvest losses by 25%, improve medical supply delivery times by 70%, and enhance waste recycling rates from 10% to 45%. However, challenges such as high initial costs, inadequate power supply, low digital literacy, and policy gaps remain pervasive. The article presents a table of seven ongoing automation initiatives in Nigeria and discusses their outcomes. Recommendations include government-backed innovation hubs, public-private partnerships for renewable-powered robotics, and curriculum reforms in tertiary institutions. Conclusively, strategic deployment of robotics and automation aligns with SDGs 2 (zero hunger), 3 (good health), 9 (industry innovation), 11 (sustainable cities), and 12 (responsible consumption). Nigeria must adopt a phased, inclusive automation roadmap to achieve sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henry Azuka Ifeachor, Agha Ikechukwu Chukwukadibia, Onwualia Promise Ebubechukwu, Eneh Christian Chukwuemeka, Okoye Ikechukwu Francis, Omulu. C. Clara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ACCELERATING THE GROWTH OF COMMERCE IN NIGERIA: NACCIMA AS A VITAL PLAYER
This study examines the role of the Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA) in accelerating commercial growth in Nigeria within the context of economic policy uncertainty, trade facilitation, and the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The researcher investigates how institutional coordination between the government and the organized private sector shapes trade performance, investment dynamics, and the competitiveness of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Drawing on Institutional Theory and Real Options Theory, the study conceptualizes NACCIMA as a strategic intermediary that reduces information asymmetries, promotes policy dialogue, and supports private-sector participation in economic development. The study adopts a quantitative explanatory research design based on documentary evidence and secondary data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), policy documents, and international development reports. Descriptive and trend analyses were employed, while Python and Microsoft Excel were used for data visualization and presentation. Key indicators examined include Nigeria’s foreign trade performance, MSME contributions to employment and gross domestic product, export participation, access to trade finance, and the country’s long-term development targets. Although MSMEs account for approximately 39.6 million enterprises and contribute substantially to employment and economic output, limited access to finance, infrastructure deficits, and policy uncertainty continue to hinder their participation in international trade. The study argues that stronger public–private collaboration through NACCIMA is essential for achieving Nigeria’s aspiration of becoming a one-trillion-dollar economy by 2030. The paper recommends deeper institutional reforms, improved trade-finance mechanisms, and greater integration of organized private-sector actors into national development planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salaudeen Jubril A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0