Changing Perspectives on Cattle Rustling along the Kenya-Uganda Border: The Karamojong-Turkana Nexus

Abstract

Cattle rustling along the Kenya-Uganda border, particularly in the Karamojong-Turkana nexus, has long been perceived as a cultural practice rooted in pastoralist tradition. However, emerging evidence suggests a significant shift in its nature, drivers, and implications. This study investigates the changing perspectives on cattle rustling in the region, arguing that what was once a communal practice for socio-cultural affirmation has evolved into a commercialized, militarized, and politically-influenced activity. Key factors contributing to this transformation include the proliferation of small arms, increased market demand for livestock, climate-induced resource competition, and the weakening of traditional governance structures. Adopting a desktop literature review design, this study systematically analyzed existing academic publications, policy reports, NGO documentation, government records, and media sources relevant to cattle rustling in East Africa. The literature review reveals significant gaps: most prior studies have narrowly focused on ethnic tensions or cultural traditions, with limited attention to contemporary security dynamics, cross-border governance, and regional development challenges. Additionally, there is insufficient analysis on the role of state institutions, transnational criminal networks, and environmental stressors in perpetuating the practice. Findings from the review indicate a paradigm shift in how cattle rustling is conceptualized, no longer merely a customary rite of passage but increasingly a livelihood strategy, organized crime, and a source of regional instability. Evidence points to the complicity of political actors, limited cross-border security cooperation, and marginalization of borderland communities as key enabling factors. Furthermore, youth involvement in cattle raids is often driven by socio-economic exclusion, lack of educational opportunities, and ideological shifts. The study recommends a multi-pronged approach: (1) strengthening bilateral mechanisms between Kenya and Uganda for coordinated border security; (2) revitalizing indigenous peacebuilding frameworks; (3) implementing cross-border socio-economic programs aimed at addressing root causes of youth radicalization and economic marginalization; and (4) integrating climate adaptation strategies to reduce resource-based conflicts. This research contributes to the broader discourse on borderland security, pastoralist conflict, and regional diplomacy by reframing cattle rustling as a multidimensional challenge requiring integrated, transnational responses.