Digital Traceability Systems and Microbial Safety in Nigeria's Public Sector Procurement: A Theoretical and Literature Review

Abstract

This study critically examines the role of digital traceability systems (DTS) in enhancing microbial safety within Nigeria’s public sector procurement, drawing on theoretical perspectives and a systematic literature review from 2020–2026. The analysis integrates Principal–Agent Theory, Supply Chain Risk Theory, and Digital Era Governance to conceptualise microbial safety as a governance-dependent outcome influenced by supply chain visibility, regulatory oversight, and supplier accountability. Empirical evidence from Nigerian and international contexts highlights persistent microbial risks in public procurement due to fragmented supply chains, inadequate infrastructure, and limited digital literacy, despite the proven efficacy of DTS in pilot interventions. The study synthesises these insights to propose a conceptual framework linking digital traceability, environmental monitoring, and regulatory integration as preventive mechanisms for microbial hazards. Key findings indicate that DTS can transform procurement from a reactive, compliance-focused process into a proactive, data-driven system, but successful implementation requires infrastructure investment, institutional alignment, and capacity-building. The study concludes with policy-oriented recommendations, advocating for systemic adoption of DTS, inter-agency coordination, and context-sensitive governance strategies to safeguard public health and improve the integrity of Nigeria’s procurement system.